Of the arts and crafts of the Vedic period, some seem to have arisen undoubtedly before the Aryans came and settled down in the Punjab. Many nations of antiquity had made considerable advance in them, as would appear from the similarity existing between some words of the Sanskrit language and corresponding words of various Indo-European languages, denoting the same craft, [...]
In the earliest period of the history of human culture, all exchange was by barter i.e., the exchange of one article for another. This was the stage of simple barter. Next to it we have generally a second pre-metallic stage, in which the medium of exchange is some article commonly found and being valued for its utility, becomes the measure [...]
Agriculture was the principal occupation in the villages. Its adoption took place undoubtedly at a very early age, though we have nothing, which can tell us as to the period when it was adopted. Historical evidence goes to prove that among pastoral peoples or even semi-savages, agriculture in some form or other has been practiced. In regard to the Indo-Europeans, [...]